Persona: Apéstigue, Víctor
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Publicación Acceso Abierto Diurnal and Seasonal Variations of Aerosol Optical Depth Observed by MEDA/TIRS at Jezero Crater, Mars(Advancing Earth and Space Science (AGU), 2023-01-09) Smith, Michael D.; Martínez, Germán M.; Sebastián, E.; Lemmon, M. T.; Wolff, Michael; Apéstigue, V.; Arruego, I.; Toledo, D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Apéstigue, Víctor; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The two upward-looking Thermal InfraRed Sensor (TIRS) channels from the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) instrument suite on board the Perseverance rover enable the retrieval of total aerosol optical depth (dust plus water ice cloud) above the rover for all observations when TIRS is taken. Because TIRS observes at thermal infrared wavelengths, the retrievals are possible during both the day and night and thus, they provide an excellent way to monitor both the diurnal and seasonal variations of aerosols above Jezero Crater. A retrieval algorithm has been developed for this purpose and here, we describe that algorithm along with our results for the first 400 sols of the Perseverance mission covering nearly the entire aphelion season as well as a regional dust storm and the beginning of the perihelion season. We find systematic diurnal variations in aerosol optical depth that can be associated with dust and water ice clouds as well as a clear change from a cloud-filled aphelion season to a perihelion season where dust is the dominant aerosol. A comparison of retrieved optical depths between TIRS and the SkyCam camera that is also part of MEDA indicates evidence of possible diurnal variations in cloud height or particle size.Publicación Restringido DREAMS-SIS: The Solar Irradiance Sensor on-board the ExoMars 2016 lander(Elsevier, 2017-07-01) Arruego, I.; Apéstigue, V.; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Martínez Oter, J.; Álvarez Ríos, F. J.; González Guerrero, M.; Rivas, J.; Azcue, J.; Martín, I.; Toledo, D.; Gómez Martín, L.; Jiménez Michavila, M.; Yela González, M.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)The Solar Irradiance Sensor (SIS) was part of the DREAMS (Dust characterization, Risk assessment, and Environment Analyzer on the Martian Surface) payload package on board the ExoMars 2016 Entry and Descent Module (EDM), “Schiaparelli”. DREAMS was a meteorological station aimed at the measurement of several atmospheric parameters, as well as the presence of electric fields, during the surface operations of EDM. DREAMS-SIS is a highly miniaturized lightweight sensor designed for small meteorological stations, capable of estimating the aerosol optical depth (AOD) several times per sol, as well as performing a direct measurement of the global (direct plus scattered) irradiance on the Martian surface in the spectral range between 200 and 1100 nm. AOD is estimated from the irradiance measurements at two different spectral bands – Ultraviolet (UV) and near infrared (NIR) – which also enables color index (CI) analysis for the detection of clouds. Despite the failure in the landing of Schiaparelli, DREAMS-SIS is a valuable precursor for new developments being carried-on at present. The concept and design of DREAMS-SIS are here presented and its operating principles, supported by preliminary results from a short validation test, are described. Lessons learnt and future work towards a new generation of Sun irradiance sensors is also outlined.Publicación Restringido Calibration OGSEs for multichannel radiometers for Mars atmosphere studies(Springer Link, 2018-02-01) Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Álvarez Ríos, F. J.; González Guerrero, M.; Apéstigue, V.; Martín, I.; Fernández, J. M.; Fernán, A. A.; Arruego, I.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Fernández Marín, Juan Manuel; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)This work describes several Optical Ground Support Equipment (OGSEs) developed by INTA (Spanish Institute of Aerospace Technology—Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial) for the calibration and characterization of their self-manufactured multichannel radiometers (solar irradiance sensors—SIS) developed for working on the surface of Mars and studying the atmosphere of that planet. Nowadays, INTA is developing two SIS for the ESA ExoMars 2020 and for the JPL/NASA Mars 2020 missions. These calibration OGSEs have been improved since the first model in 2011 developed for Mars MetNet Precursor mission. This work describes the currently used OGSE. Calibration tests provide an objective evidence of the SIS performance, allowing the conversion of the electrical sensor output into accurate physical measurements (irradiance) with uncertainty bounds. Calibration results of the SIS on board of the Dust characterisation, Risk assessment, and Environment Analyzer on the Martian Surface (DREAMS) on board the ExoMars 2016 Schiaparelli module (EDM—entry and descent module) are also presented, as well as their error propagation. Theoretical precision and accuracy of the instrument are determined by these results. Two types of OGSE are used as a function of the pursued aim: calibration OGSEs and Optical Fast Verification (OFV) GSE. Calibration OGSEs consist of three setups which characterize with the highest possible accuracy, the responsivity, the angular response and the thermal behavior; OFV OGSE verify that the performance of the sensor is close to nominal after every environmental and qualification test. Results show that the accuracy of the calibrated sensors is a function of the accuracy of the optical detectors and of the light conditions. For normal direct incidence and diffuse light, the accuracy is in the same order of uncertainty as that of the reference cell used for fixing the irradiance, which is about 1%.Publicación Acceso Abierto The diverse meteorology of Jezero crater over the first 250 sols of Perseverance on Mars(Nature Publishing Group, 2023-01-09) Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Hueso, R.; Martínez, Germán M.; Lemmon, M. T.; Newman, C. E.; Munguira, A.; Hieta, M.; Tamppari, L. K.; Polkko, J.; Toledo, D.; Sebastian, D.; Smith, Michael D.; Jaakonaho, I.; Genzer, María; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Ramos, Miguel; Saiz López, A.; Lepinette Malvitte, A.; Wolff, Michael; Sullivan, R. J.; Gómez Elvira, J.; Apéstigue, V.; Conrad, P.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Murdoch, N.; Arruego, I.; Banfield, D.; Boland, J.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Ceballos Cáceres, J.; Domínguez Pumar, M.; Espejo, S.; Fairén, A.; Ferrándiz Guibelalde, Ricardo; Fischer, E.; García Villadangos, M.; Giménez Torregrosa, S.; Gómez Gómez, F.; Guzewich, Scott; Harri, Ari-Matti; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Jiménez, V.; Makinen, Terhi; Marín Jiménez, M.; Martín Rubio, C.; Martín Soler, J.; Molina, A.; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Navarro López, Sara; Peinado, V.; Pérez Grande, I.; Pla García, J.; Postigo, M.; Prieto Ballesteros, O.; Rafkin, Scot C. R.; Richardson, M. I.; Romeral, J.; Romero, C.; Savijärvi, H.; Schofield, J. T.; Torres, J.; Urquí, R.; Zurita, S.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Romero Guzman, Catalina; NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); European Commission (EC); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); California Institute of Technology (CIT); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737NASA’s Perseverance rover’s Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer is collecting data at Jezero crater, characterizing the physical processes in the lowest layer of the Martian atmosphere. Here we present measurements from the instrument’s first 250 sols of operation, revealing a spatially and temporally variable meteorology at Jezero. We find that temperature measurements at four heights capture the response of the atmospheric surface layer to multiple phenomena. We observe the transition from a stable night-time thermal inversion to a daytime, highly turbulent convective regime, with large vertical thermal gradients. Measurement of multiple daily optical depths suggests aerosol concentrations are higher in the morning than in the afternoon. Measured wind patterns are driven mainly by local topography, with a small contribution from regional winds. Daily and seasonal variability of relative humidity shows a complex hydrologic cycle. These observations suggest that changes in some local surface properties, such as surface albedo and thermal inertia, play an influential role. On a larger scale, surface pressure measurements show typical signatures of gravity waves and baroclinic eddies in a part of the seasonal cycle previously characterized as low wave activity. These observations, both comPublicación Acceso Abierto Ozone Detector Based on Ultraviolet Observations on the Martian Surface(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute, 2024-10-21) Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Saiz López, A.; Smith, Michael D.; Apéstigue, V.; Arruego, I.; García Menéndez, Elisa; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Toledo, D.; Wolff, Michael; Paz Zorzano, M.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO)Ozone plays a key role in both atmospheric chemistry and UV absorption in planetary atmospheres. On Mars, upper-tropospheric ozone has been widely characterized by space-based instruments. However, surface ozone remains poorly characterized, hindered by the limited sensitivity of orbiters to the lowest scale height of the atmosphere and challenges in delivering payloads to the surface of Mars, which have prevented, to date, the measurement of ozone from the surface of Mars. Systematic measurements from the Martian surface could advance our knowledge of the atmospheric chemistry and habitability potential of this planet. NASA’s Mars 2020 mission includes the first ozone detector deployed on the Martian surface, which is based on discrete photometric observations in the ultraviolet band, a simple technology that could obtain the first insights into total ozone abundance in preparation for more sophisticated measurement techniques. This paper describes the Mars 2020 ozone detector and its retrieval algorithm, including its performance under different sources of uncertainty and the potential application of the retrieval algorithm on other missions, such as NASA’s Mars Science Laboratory. Pre-landing simulations using the UVISMART radiative transfer model suggest that the retrieval is robust and that it can deal with common issues affecting surface operations in Martian missions, although the expected low ozone abundance and instrument uncertainties could challenge its characterization in tropical latitudes of the planet. Other space missions will potentially include sensors of similar technology.Publicación Acceso Abierto Dust, Sand, and Winds Within an Active Martian Storm in Jezero Crater(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2022-11-16) Lemmon, M. T.; Smith, Michael D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Munguira, A.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Hueso, R.; Martínez, Germán M.; Chide, B.; Sullivan, Robert; Toledo, D.; Tamppari, L. K.; Bertrand, T.; Bell, J. F.; Newman, C. E.; Baker, M.; Banfield, D.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Maki, Justin N.; Apéstigue, V.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL); Arizona State University (ASU); European Research Council (ERC); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Rovers and landers on Mars have experienced local, regional, and planetary-scale dust storms. However, in situ documentation of active lifting within storms has remained elusive. Over 5–11 January 2022 (LS 153°–156°), a dust storm passed over the Perseverance rover site. Peak visible optical depth was ∼2, and visibility across the crater was briefly reduced. Pressure amplitudes and temperatures responded to the storm. Winds up to 20 m s−1 rotated around the site before the wind sensor was damaged. The rover imaged 21 dust-lifting events—gusts and dust devils—in one 25-min period, and at least three events mobilized sediment near the rover. Rover tracks and drill cuttings were extensively modified, and debris was moved onto the rover deck. Migration of small ripples was seen, but there was no large-scale change in undisturbed areas. This work presents an overview of observations and initial results from the study of the storm.Publicación Acceso Abierto Surface Energy Budget, Albedo, and Thermal Inertia at Jezero Crater, Mars, as Observed From the Mars 2020 MEDA Instrument(AGU Advancing Earth and Space Science, 2023-02) Martínez, Germán M.; Sebastián, E.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Smith, Michael D.; Johnson, J. R.; Fischer, E.; Savijärvi, H.; Toledo, D.; Hueso, R.; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Gillespie, H.; Munguira, A.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Lemmon, M. T.; Gómez, Felipe; Polkko, J.; Mandon, Lucía; Apéstigue, V.; Arruego, I.; Ramos, Miguel; Conrad, Pamela G.; Newman, C. E.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Jordan, Francisco; Tamppari, L. K.; McConnochie, Tim H.; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, María; Hieta, M.; Zorzano, María Paz; Siegler, M.; Prieto Ballesteros, O.; Molina, A.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Comunidad de Madrid; Universities Space Research Association (USRA); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gobierno Vasco; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) on board Perseverance includes first-of-its-kind sensors measuring the incident and reflected solar flux, the downwelling atmospheric IR flux, and the upwelling IR flux emitted by the surface. We use these measurements for the first 350 sols of the Mars 2020 mission (Ls ∼ 6°–174° in Martian Year 36) to determine the surface radiative budget on Mars and to calculate the broadband albedo (0.3–3 μm) as a function of the illumination and viewing geometry. Together with MEDA measurements of ground temperature, we calculate the thermal inertia for homogeneous terrains without the need for numerical thermal models. We found that (a) the observed downwelling atmospheric IR flux is significantly lower than the model predictions. This is likely caused by the strong diurnal variation in aerosol opacity measured by MEDA, which is not accounted for by numerical models. (b) The albedo presents a marked non-Lambertian behavior, with lowest values near noon and highest values corresponding to low phase angles (i.e., Sun behind the observer). (c) Thermal inertia values ranged between 180 (sand dune) and 605 (bedrock-dominated material) SI units. (d) Averages of albedo and thermal inertia (spatial resolution of ∼3–4 m2) along Perseverance's traverse are in very good agreement with collocated retrievals of thermal inertia from Thermal Emission Imaging System (spatial resolution of 100 m per pixel) and of bolometric albedo in the 0.25–2.9 μm range from (spatial resolution of ∼300 km2). The results presented here are important to validate model predictions and provide ground-truth to orbital measurements.Publicación Acceso Abierto Radiation and Dust Sensor for Mars Environmental Dynamic Analyzer Onboard M2020 Rover(Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI), 2022-04-10) Apéstigue, V.; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Boland, J.; Lemmon, M. T.; De Mingo, J. R.; García Menéndez, Elisa; Rivas, J.; Azcue, J.; Bastide, L.; Andrés Santiuste, N.; Martínez Oter, J.; González Guerrero, M.; Martín Ortega, A.; Toledo, D.; Álvarez Ríos, F. J.; Serrano, F.; Martín Vodopivec, B.; Manzano, Javier; López Heredero, R.; Carrasco, I.; Aparicio, S.; Carretero, Á.; MacDonald, D. R.; Moore, L. B.; Alcacera Gil, María Ángeles; Fernández Viguri, J. A.; Martín, I.; Yela González, M.; Álvarez, Maite; Manzano, Paula; Martín, J. A.; Del Hoyo, J. C.; Reina, M.; Urquí, R.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Hernández, Christina; Córdoba, Elizabeth; Leiter, R.; Thompson, Art; Madsen, Soren N.; Smith, Michael D.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Saiz López, A.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Gómez Martín, L.; Martínez, Germán M.; Gómez Elvira, J.; Arruego, I.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; de Mingo Martín, José Ramón; Martín-Ortega, Alberto; del Hoyo Gordillo, Juan Carlos; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Comunidad de Madrid; Gobierno Vasco; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)The Radiation and Dust Sensor is one of six sensors of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer onboard the Perseverance rover from the Mars 2020 NASA mission. Its primary goal is to characterize the airbone dust in the Mars atmosphere, inferring its concentration, shape and optical properties. Thanks to its geometry, the sensor will be capable of studying dust-lifting processes with a high temporal resolution and high spatial coverage. Thanks to its multiwavelength design, it will characterize the solar spectrum from Mars’ surface. The present work describes the sensor design from the scientific and technical requirements, the qualification processes to demonstrate its endurance on Mars’ surface, the calibration activities to demonstrate its performance, and its validation campaign in a representative Mars analog. As a result of this process, we obtained a very compact sensor, fully digital, with a mass below 1 kg and exceptional power consumption and data budget features.Publicación Acceso Abierto The dynamic atmospheric and aeolian environment of Jezero crater, Mars(Science Publishin Group, 2022-05-25) Newman, C. E.; Hueso, R.; Lemmon, M. T.; Munguira, A.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Apéstigue, V.; Martínez, Germán M.; Toledo, D.; Sullivan, Robert; Herkenhoff, K. E.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Richardson, M. I.; Stott, A.; Murdoch, N.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Wolff, Michael; Arruego, I.; Sebastián, E.; Navarro López, Sara; Gómez Elvira, J.; Tamppari, L. K.; Smith, Michael D.; Lepinette Malvitte, A.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Harri, Ari-Matti; Genzer, María; Hieta, M.; Lorenz, R. D.; Conrad, Pamela G.; Gómez, Felipe; McConnochie, Tim H.; Mimoun, D.; Tate, C.; Bertrand, T.; Belli, J. F.; Maki, Justin N.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.; Wiens, R. C.; Chide, B.; Maurice, S.; Zorzano, María Paz; Mora Sotomayor, L.; Baker, M. M.; Banfield, D.; Pla García, J.; Beyssac, O.; Brown, Adrian Jon; Clark, B.; Montmessin, F.; Fischer, E.; Patel, P.; Del Río Gaztelurrutia, T.; Fouchet, T.; Francis, R.; Guzewich, Scott; Apéstigue, Víctor; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); Gobierno Vasco; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737Despite the importance of sand and dust to Mars geomorphology, weather, and exploration, the processes that move sand and that raise dust to maintain Mars’ ubiquitous dust haze and to produce dust storms have not been well quantified in situ, with missions lacking either the necessary sensors or a sufficiently active aeolian environment. Perseverance rover’s novel environmental sensors and Jezero crater’s dusty environment remedy this. In Perseverance’s first 216 sols, four convective vortices raised dust locally, while, on average, four passed the rover daily, over 25% of which were significantly dusty (“dust devils”). More rarely, dust lifting by nonvortex wind gusts was produced by daytime convection cells advected over the crater by strong regional daytime upslope winds, which also control aeolian surface features. One such event covered 10 times more area than the largest dust devil, suggesting that dust devils and wind gusts could raise equal amounts of dust under nonstorm conditions.Publicación Acceso Abierto The Uranus Multi-Experiment Radiometer for Haze and Clouds Characterization(Springer Link, 2024-01-09) Apéstigue, V.; Toledo, D.; Irwin, P. G. J.; Rannou, P.; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; Martínez Oter, J.; Ceballos Cáceres, J.; Azcue, J.; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; Sebastián, E.; Yela González, M.; Sorribas, M.; De Mingo, J. R.; Martín Ortega, A.; Belenguer Dávila, T.; Álvarez, Maite; Vázquez García de la Vega, D.; Espejo, S.; Arruego, I.; Apéstigue, Víctor; Gonzalo Melchor, Alejandro; de Mingo Martín, José Ramón; Martín-Ortega, AlbertoThe aerosols (clouds and hazes) on Uranus are one of the main elements for understanding the thermal structure and dynamics of its atmosphere. Aerosol particles absorb and scatter the solar radiation, directly affecting the energy balance that drives the atmospheric dynamics of the planet. In this sense, aerosol information such as the vertical distribution or optical properties is essential for characterizing the interactions between sunlight and aerosol particles at each altitude in the atmosphere and for understanding the energy balance of the planet’s atmosphere. Moreover, the distribution of aerosols in the atmosphere provides key information on the global circulation of the planet (e.g., regions of upwelling or subsidence). To address this challenge, we propose the Uranus Multi-experiment Radiometer (UMR), a lightweight instrument designed to characterize the aerosols in Uranus’ atmosphere as part of the upcoming Uranus Flagship mission’s descending probe payload. The scientific goals of UMR are: (1) to study the variation of the solar radiation in the ultra-violet (UV) with altitude and characterize the energy deposition in the atmosphere; (2) to study the vertical distribution of the hazes and clouds and characterize their scattering and optical properties; (3) to investigate the heating rates of the atmosphere by directly measuring the upward and downward fluxes; and (4) to study the cloud vertical distribution and composition at pressures where sunlight is practically negligible (p > 4-5 bars). The instrument includes a set of photodetectors, field-of-view masks, a light infrared lamp, and interference filters. It draws on the heritage of previous instruments developed at the Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA) that participated in the exploration of Mars, where similar technology has demonstrated its endurance in extreme environments while utilizing limited resources regarding power consumption, mass and volume footprints, and data budget. The radiometer’s design and characteristics make it a valuable complementary payload for studying Uranus’ atmosphere with a high scientific return.
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