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Ítem Acceso Abierto A Novel Design of Deep Space 25KW Water-cooled Feeder at X-band and High Power Test Campaign Aspects(Universidad Politécnica de Valencia, 2017-04-06) Dragas, Sasa; Mediavilla, Ángel; Tazón, Antonio; Baquero, Pedro; Valle, José; Mandado, Emilio; Vicente, Carlos; Cano, Eduardo; Sanz Contreras, Miguel Ángel; García Patrón Mendiburu, Martín; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Future deep-space missions will generate increasing quantities of data from hundreds of millions of kilometres, requiring much higher RF power level as well as higher frequency bands to increase data transmission capacity. The European Space Agency (ESA) operates a network S/X/Ka-band antennas for Telemetry, Tracking and Command (TT&C) operations of different categories of spacecraft. Present ESA Deep Space Stations are (DSS) equipped with a 20 KW X Band High Power Amplifier (HPA). Future missions will demand larger uplink power levels, for distant spacecraft or for critical phases like entry descending and landing or for emergency situations of missions. This paper presents a part of the work done in the frame of an ESA TRP activity "X-band Cryogenic Feed Prototyping". The emphasis is given on development of the transmitting part that has to deal with minimum 25KW of RF power as well as on the preparation of the testing campaign. In order to prove target properties of the feeder, as a main task appears definition of the corona discharge and power handling test. A novel feeder concept is applied and developed with objective to provide a compact solution that offers superior properties as well as a simple interface with cryogenic receiver. The RF design of the feeder components is refined using SPARK3D software to assure absence of the corona discharge under operational conditions. The transmitting part of the feeder shall be equipped with fully integrated and efficient water-cooling system maintaining the complete system on the optimal temperature. The envisaged tests shall be performed in pressurized chamber with 1KW RF power.Ítem Restringido Adaption of Magnetic Cleanliness Facilities and Procedures to Overcome the New Challenges of the Scientific Missions(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2019-05-21) Díaz Michelena, M.; Rivero, Miguel Ángel; De Frutos, J.; Ordoñez Cencerrado, Amanda A.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI); European Research Council (ERC)Scientific goals in magnetometry require extremely high resolution magnetometers, a very good program of magnetic cleanliness and a powerful processing methodology. When magnetic cleanliness reaches its limits the exhaustive characterisation of the magnetic signature of the different subsystems together with compensation systems (HW) and algorithms (SW) may be the only way to achieve the performance demanded by the scientific objectives. Furthermore, exploration horizons, only within the limits of our Solar System, present scientific challenges in harsh conditions which comprise, among others, extreme swings of temperature. The magnetic properties of materials depend on temperature and the electrical resistance of wires and coils too. Therefore in wide temperature ranges the behaviour of the magnetic signature with temperature needs to be analysed, minimized when possible, and introduced in the retrieval algorithms for an optimal response. The requirements for the subsystems are present in their testing route documentation. However there are not standards or norms with the established procedures to develop these tests. In this work the INTA Space Magnetism Laboratory will overview different methodologies implemented for standard tests, will introduce some of the upcoming and challenging requirements and will present some of the solutions implemented.Ítem Acceso Abierto Advance Dust Devil Detection with AI using Mars2020 MEDA instrument(Europlanet, 2024-07-03) Apéstigue, V.; Mohino, Inma; Gil, Roberto; Toledo, D.; Arruego, I.; Hueso, R.; Martínez, Germán M.; Lemmon, M. T.; Newman, C. E.; Genzer, María; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.Mars’ dust cycle is a critical factor that drives the weather and climate of the planet. Airborne dust affects the energy balance that drives the atmospheric dynamic. Therefore, for studying the present-day and recent-past climate of Mars we need to observe and understand the different processes involved in the dust cycle. To this end, the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyser (MEDA) station [1] includes a set of sensors capable of measuring the radiance fluxes, the wind direction and velocity, the pressure, and the humidity over the Martian surface. Combining these observations with radiative transfer (RT) simulations, airborne dust particles can be detected and characterized (optical depth, particle size, refractive index) along the day. The retrieval of these dust properties allows us to analyze dust storms or dust-lifting events, such as dust devils, on Mars [2][3]. Dust devils are thought to account for 50% of the total dust budget, and they represent a continuous source of lifted dust, active even outside the dust storms season. For these reasons, they have been proposed as the main mechanism able to sustain the ever-observed dust haze of the Martian atmosphere. Our radiative transfer simulations indicate that variations in the dust loading near the surface can be detected and characterized by MEDA radiance sensor RDS [4]. This study reanalyzes the dataset of dust devil detections obtained in [3] employing artificial intelligence techniques including anomaly detection based on autoencoders [5] and deep learning models [6] to analyze RDS and pressure sensor data. As we will show, preliminary results indicate that our AI models can successfully identify and characterize these phenomena with high accuracy. The final aim is to develop a powerful tool that can improve the database for the following sols of the mission, and subsequently extend its use for other atmospheric studies.Ítem Acceso Abierto Aerosol optical properties observed by MEDA Radiation an Dust Sensor (RDS) at Jezero Crater, Mars(Europlanet, 2024-07) Rodríguez Veloso, Raúl; Toledo, D.; Apéstigue, V.; Arruego, I.; Lemmon, M. T.; Smith, Michael D.; Martínez, Germán M.; Vicente Retortillo, Álvaro; Jiménez Martín, Juan José; García Menéndez, Elisa; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Pérez Hoyos, S.; Sebastián, E.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.Aerosols on Mars are a primary elements for studying the interaction between the solar radiation and the atmosphere and surface. Depending on properties such as aerosol number density, particle radius, or refractive index, the impact of the aerosols can provide positive or negative radiative feedbacks on the dynamics of the atmosphere. Previous studies have revealed large temporal and spatial variability in the aerosol optical properties, emphasizing the necessity for continuous monitoring of these properties throughout the day and at multiple locations. To address these measurements, the Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS) [1] is part of the Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer (MEDA) [2] payload onboard of the Mars 2020 rover Perseverance. RDS instrument compromises two sets of 8 photodiodes (RDS-DP) and a camera (RDS-SkyCam). One set of photodiodes is pointed upward, with each one covering a different wavelength range between 190-1200 nm. The other set is pointed sideways, 20 degrees above the horizon, and they are spaced 45 degrees apart in azimuth to sample all directions at a single wavelength. The analysis of these observations with a radiative transfer model [3] (Fig. 1) allow us to fit aerosol parameters such as the aerosol opacity at different wavelengths or the aerosol particle radius. In this work we will discuss some preliminary results for the first 100 sols of Mars 2020 mission.Ítem Restringido Aplicación de técnicas de impresión 3D al diseño y fabricación de superficies selectivas en frecuencia(Universidad de Sevilla, 2019-09-06) Muñoz Rebate, I.; Martín Iglesias, Santiago; Plaza Gallardo, B.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)This paper presents the application of 3D printing (or additive manufacturing) to the design and fabrication of a frequency selective surface (FSS). In particular, the periodic structure has been created using fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology. Along the paper, a complete development method is described, starting from the electromagnetic (EM) characterization of available materials and the selection of the most suitable one, followed by the design, analysis and optimization of the geometry via EM simulations. Finally a test specimen is implemented and measured in an anechoic chamber. In this case, an innovative material is used: a graphene filled thermoplastic that is able to conduct electricity. The measurement results agree with the simulations, validating the approach and encouraging the use of this 3D printing technique for the manufacturing of radiofrequency devices.Ítem Restringido Application of Artificial Neural Networks to Complex Dielectric Constant Estimation from Free-Space Measurements(Springer Link, 2009-03-16) Jurado Lucena, A.; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Montiel, I.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)Adequate characterization of materials allows the engineer to select the best option for each application. Apart from mechanical or environmental characterization, last decades’ rise in the exploitation of the electromagnetic spectrum has made increasingly important to understand and explain the behavior of materials also in that ambit. The electromagnetic properties of non-magnetic materials are governed by their intrinsic permittivity or dielectric constant and free-space measurements is one of the various methods employed to estimate this quantity at microwave frequencies. This paper proposes the application of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to extract the dielectric constant of materials from the reflection coefficient obtained by free-space measurements. In this context, two kind of ANNs are examined: Multilayer Perceptron (MLP) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) networks. Simulated materials are utilized to train the networks with and without noise and performance is tested using an actual material sample measured by the authors in an anechoic chamber.Ítem Acceso Abierto Application of finite element methods to the analysis of magnetic contamination around electronics in magnetic sensor devices(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2012-05-23) Díaz Michelena, M.; Belén Fernández, A.; Maicas, M.The number of missions devoted to the measurement of the magnetic field has dramatically decreased since the 80s, being the decrease in number accompanied by a reduction in the mass and economic budget of many of the exploration missions. This scenario was the seed for a new generation of sensors: the Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) based microsensors. In the particular case of magnetometers, these miniaturized and compact devices imported a traditional problem of geomagnetic missions: the magnetic cleanliness trouble. Magnetic cleanliness, which is isolated in the platform when the magnetometer is deployed in a boom, becomes a real trouble when it has to be considered at Printed Circuit Board (PCB) level. In this work we present the description, method and results of a finite elements model for an engineering prototype of a NANOSAT-01 two axis magnetic sensor, launched in 2004. The idea is to extrapolate this method for all subsystems of a satellite.Ítem Restringido Assessment of Spectrally Matched Cells(AESS, 2023-10-02) Gras, Ana; Barber, Christopher; Baur, Carsten; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)The spectral matching criterion for solar cells is crucial for photovoltaic (PV) measurements under simulated sunlight because it helps reducing the uncertainty due to the spectral mismatch correction. It is common practice in both terrestrial and space PV communities to identify spectrally matched cells as those having spectral responsivities identical or at least very similar to each other. A quantitative definition and evaluation of spectrally matched cells is made in this document.Ítem Acceso Abierto Caracterización electromagnética de materiales aeroespaciales a baja temperatura(Universidad de Valencia, 2023-11-23) Plaza Gallardo, B.; Zamorano Martínez, Pablo; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Ítem Acceso Abierto Caracterización electromagnética de materiales avanzados(Ministerio de Defensa: Secretaria General Técnica, 2020-11-26) Plaza Gallardo, B.; Muñoz Rebate, I.; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)En la última década, el uso de materiales avanzados ha aumentado exponencialmente debido a sus mejores prestaciones en relación a los materiales tradicionales. Estos nuevos materiales, que incluyen entre otros materiales de impresión 3D y materiales compuestos, son ampliamente utilizados en el sector aeroespacial debido a la mejora de prestaciones que supone para las plataformas que los incluyen. Además de este aumento en el uso de materiales avanzados, los componentes electrónicos embarcados en las plataformas han aumentado en número y en importancia, siendo algunos de ellos críticos para su operación segura. Esto hace que conocer su comportamiento en presencia de campos electromagnéticos resulte indispensable. Las características especiales de estos materiales y la constante innovación en este sector hacen necesario investigar en métodos de caracterización electromagnética (EM) más flexibles y adaptables a las particularidades de esos nuevos materiales y estructuras. Además, el aumento de componentes electrónicos y la influencia de estos materiales en ellos, hace que los requerimientos de precisión en los métodos de medida aumenten. El Laboratorio de Electromagnetismo Computacional y Aplicado del INTA cuenta con diferentes sistemas de medida para caracterización EM, adaptados cada uno de ellos a las necesidades de cada material y aplicación. En este artículo se realizará una revisión de las capacidades del citado Laboratorio en lo referente a caracterización EM de materiales y se profundizará en algunos de los métodos más novedosos e innovadores, enfocados a materiales avanzados, con los que cuenta.Ítem Restringido Caracterización electromagnética de materiales mediante medidas de alta precisión en espacio libre(International Union of Radio Science, 2020-09-04) Plaza Gallardo, B.; Muñoz Rebate, I.; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)Aerospace or automotive industries employ novel composite or 3D printed materials in their manufacturing processes to improve performance and reduce costs. Obtaining the electromagnetic (EM) characterisation of these materials or a combination of them is essential to ensure safety and EM compatibility. In this paper, the development of a test bench with polyrod antennas for measurements in free space is presented. A complete design is described, from simulation analysis to validation measurements. The aim is to achieve flexible measurements that permit the electromagnetic characterization of very diverse samples and materials, and high accuracy measurements that allow to know the exact behavior of these materials.Ítem Acceso Abierto Caracterización electromagnética de urnas de protección planetaria en cámara anecoica biestática para ensayos de EMC(Universidad de Valencia, 2023-11-23) Jimenez Lorenzo, María; Plaza Gallardo, B.; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Moragrega Langton, María; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA); Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Ítem Restringido Characterization of adhesive and fastener carbon fiber composite joints based on a microstrip transmission line method(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2022-09-08) Ramos Somolinos, D.; Cidrás Estévez, J.; Plaza Gallardo, B.; Díaz Mena, V.; López Sanz, Daniel; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Nowadays, there exists a tendency for replacing typical metallic materials in the aerial platforms for nonmetallic ones. However, this arises many questions, for example, how they react against Electromagnetic Enviromental Effects (E3), where we can count lightning effects among many others. Due to this, the aim of this work is to characterize different type of joints commonly used in the aerospace industry for Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC) fuselages. This analysis is crucial in order to figure out possible electrical discontinuities that could affect to the electromagnetic behaviour of an aircraft. Having that in mind, a flexible measurement setup based on a microstrip line is proposed, where different CFC test samples are evaluated.Publicación Restringido Comparison of Facilities for Low Level Coupling Tests in UAV EMC Certification(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2017-11-30) Fernández Romero, S.; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Añón Cancela, M.; López Rodríguez, P.; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)The rise in the utilization of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) in the last years has also brought concerns in terms of Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) regulation of these platforms. Depending on the nature and operations of the UAVs, they are being required to go through the same processes than an aircraft EMC certification of aircraft involves a wide variety of tests. This paper deals with two aircraft low level coupling tests, namely, Low Level Direct Drive (LLDD) and Low Level Swept Fields (LLSF) and compares the results obtained in two different sites. On one hand, an Open Area Test Site (OATS) will be employed and, on the other hand, a Reverberation Chamber (RC) will be the other facility examined. The object under test will be a representative part of an UAV.Publicación Restringido Complex permittivity estimation by bio-inspired algorithms for target identification improvement(Springer Link, 2007-05-14) Poyatos Martínez, D.; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Montiel, I.; Olmeda, I.; Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA)Identification of aircrafts by means of radar when no cooperation exists (Non-Cooperative Target Identification, NCTI) tends to be based on simulations. To improve them, and hence the probability of correct identification, right values of permittivity and permeability need to be used. This paper describes a method for the estimation of the electromagnetic properties of materials as a part of the NCTI problem. Different heuristic optimization algorithms such as Genetic Algorithms (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), as well as other approaches like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), are applied to the reflection coefficient obtained via free-space measurements in an anechoic chamber. Prior to the comparison with real samples, artificial synthetic materials are generated to test the performance of these bio-inspired algorithms.Publicación Restringido Coupling Analysis Under Ligthning Indirect Effects For Cable Bundles With Different Ground Plates In Unmanned Aerial Vehicles(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2021-10-19) Ramos Somolinos, D.; Morales Blanco, C.; López Sanz, Daniel; Plaza Gallardo, B.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)It is increasingly common in aerospace industries to take advantage of novel composite materials in their manufacturing processes to improve performance and reduce costs. Obtaining the electromagnetic (EM) characterization of these materials or a combination of them is essential to ensure safety and EM compatibility.In this paper, a laminate of the central fuselage of an aircraft developed at INTA is recreated. This aircraft is called MILANO and it is mostly made of Carbon Fiber Composite (CFC). The same material is used for the laminate. Besides, another metallic plate is built in order to compare the performance of the former one with respect to a Perfect Electric Conductor (PEC). The main goal of this work is studying the coupling between the cable bundles embedded in the MILANO and how is this affected by the different materials of the ground plate (metal and CFC). Two kind of tests are carried out: S-parameters measurents and injection of Lightning Indirect Effect (LIE) waveforms. S-parameters results are then obtained through simulation too and compared with both the metallic and the CFC sample.Ítem Acceso Abierto Decline in Water Ice Abundance in the Martian Mesosphere during Aphelion(Europlanet, 2024-07-03) Toledo, D.; Rannou, P.; Apéstigue, V.; Rodríguez Veloso, Raúl; Arruego, I.; Martínez, Germán M.; Tamppari, L. K.; Munguira, A.; Lorenz, Ralph; Stcherbinine, Aurélien; Montmessin, F.; Sánchez Lavega, Agustín; Patel, P.; Viúdez Moreiras, Daniel; Hueso, R.; Bertrand, T.; Pla García, J.; Yela González, M.; De la Torre Juárez, M.; Rodríguez Manfredi, J. A.Clouds play a crucial role in the past and current climate of Mars. Cloud particles impact the planet's energy balance and atmospheric dynamics, as well as influence the vertical distribution of dust particles through dust scavenging. This process of dust scavenging by clouds has significant consequences for the planet's water cycle. For example, regions in the atmosphere with insufficient quantities of dust particles, or condensation nuclei, can inhibit the formation of H2O clouds, leading to the presence of water vapor in excess of saturation [1]. Recent observations made by the MEDA Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS) [2,3] have shown a marked decline in mesospheric cloud activity (above 35-40 km) when Mars is near its aphelion (within the Aphelion Cloud Belt-ACB season), notably occurring during solar longitudes (Ls) between Ls 70° and 80° [4] (see Figure 1). In order to investigate the possible factors leading to this decrease in water ice abundance, we used a one-dimensional cloud microphysical model [5,6], which includes the processes of nucleation, condensation, coagulation, evaporation, precipitation, and coalescence, and where the vertical mixing is parameterized using an eddy diffusion profile (Keddy). Combining cloud microphysics modeling with ground-based (Mars 2020 and InSight) and orbital observations (TGO and MRO) of clouds, water vapor, and temperature, we will discuss in this presentation the main factors controlling the water abundance in the Martian mesosphere during the ACB season.Ítem Acceso Abierto Demonstration of the Use of Fiber Bragg Grating for Optical Sensing (FIBOS) during an Aerospace Mission(SPIE Optical Engineering Applications, 2008-07-26) López Heredero, R.; Frövel, M.; Maicas, S. S.; García Olcina, R.; Frövel, M. [0000-0001-9447-4036]; López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388]; García Olcina, R. [0000-0002-3383-2247]Fiber Bragg Gratings, FBG, are very appropriate strain and temperature sensors for structural health monitoring of satellite structures. They can be embedded in composite structures and monitor the entire life cycle of a satellite structure from the manufacturing process, to the mechanical and thermal certification tests, the launch loads up to the operative loads in space. The optical device based in two FBGs that will be used to measure temperature and strain during the OPTOS mission is presented. OPTOS is a picosatellite, designed and manufactured by the Spanish Institute for Aerospace Technology, INTA that will be launched at the beginning of 2009. The main goal of the mission is to demonstrate the feasibility of several technologies for space applications inside a miniaturized space and with big restrictions in terms of mass and power consumption. The paper describes the different units that constitute the FIBOS payload: a) one monolithic tunable laser used as light source offering great advantages as wide range of tunability, robustness and fast electronically operation; b) two FBGs that are mounted onto one steel mechanical structure to monitor independently temperature and strain; c) the processing unit that contains the digital electronics that processes the signal produced by the receiver unit, follows the synchronization between the laser source and the receiver and contains the electrical interface with the Electrical Power Subsystem (EPS) and the On-board Data Handling (OBDH) of the satellite.Ítem Restringido Desarrollo de algoritmos para la caracterización electromagnética en espacio libre(Universidad de Málaga, 2022-09-07) Cidrás Estévez, J.; Plaza Gallardo, B.; Ramos Somolinos, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (MICINN)Obtaining electromagnetic (EM) characterization of 3D printed, composite materials or a combination of them is essential to ensure safety and EM compatibility. Free space methods are widely used for this purpose, despite their inherent practical difficulties. This article describes the development of a series of algorithms for the extraction of the permittivity and permeability of dielectric materials from free space measurements between 6 and 13 GHz. The extracted properties are obtained from the transmission and reflection coefficients using the Time- Domain Gating from a vector spectrum analyzer (VNA).Publicación Restringido Design of a planetary protection cover for EMC testing of a spacial magnetic sensor(Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2019-10-17) Fernández Romero, S.; Parrondo Sempere, María Concepción; Díaz Michelena, M.; Muñóz Rebate, I.; León Calero, Marina; Martín Iglesias, Santiago; Plaza Gallardo, B.; Escot Bocanegra, D.; Poyatos Martínez, D.; Jiménez Lorenzo, María; López Sanz, Daniel; Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO); Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)This paper explains the research process carried out for the development and manufacture of the planetary protection cover for carrying out the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) tests of the an-isotropic magneto-resistance (AMR) sensor of the ExoMars 2020 mission. This mission has strict bioburden requirements. The electromagnetic properties of several materials have been analyzed in order to study their transmission coefficient and the innovation of this project is the use of fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology as manufacturing method. Additive manufacturing is presented as a promising technology in the field of radiofrequency since it can use a wide range of polymeric materials (thermoplastics) with low transmission coefficient. Observing the electromagnetic (EM) characterization results, it was decided to manufacture a protective cover using FDM technology, because it allows control over the grounding of the instrument and facilitates the integration, cleaning and protection against impacts during the manipulation, with great versatility and low cost. Finally, the cover has been verified during the acceptance EMC tests of the flight model AMR instrument.
